Karl Loewenstein

Loewenstein headshot
Born in Munich, Germany into a bourgeois Jewish family that wanted him to study business, Karl Loewenstein (1891-1973) turned to the law at age 19. He attended the universities of Munich, Heidelberg, Paris, and Berlin, received his law degree from Munich in 1914, served in the German infantry in 1915 and was admitted to the bar in Bavaria in 1918. He obtained his doctorate in civil and ecclesiastical law in 1919, practiced law in Munich during the 1920s and became a lecturer (Privatdozent) at the University of Munich School of Law in 1931, from where he was expelled due to the Nazi antisemitic laws.

The Emergency Committee in Aid of Displaced German Scholars helped Loewenstein obtain a two-year teaching position at Yale where he arrived in late 1933 with his Hungarian wife. He joined the political science department at Amherst College (1936-1939) which, in 1940 awarded him an honorary MA and appointed him Professor of Jurisprudence and Political Science, a position Loewenstein held until reaching emeritus status in 1961. He taught political theory, the history of government, and international and comparative law.

In 1941, Loewenstein went to South America on a Guggenheim Fellowship to research Latin American politics, which led him to become a Special Assistant to the US Attorney General in Washington, DC. During 1945-1946, Loewenstein was one of only three German lawyers in the Legal Division of the US Office of Military Government for Germany working to “de-Nazify” the administration of German justice by identifying judges, lawyers and law professors that should be banned from contributing to Germany’s jurisprudence.

Loewenstein held over 14 guest professorships, including at the University of Munich where he was later reinstated as a full professor, authored 14 books including
Hitler’s Germany: The Nazi Background to War, and numerous articles and essays on comparative constitutional law, the history of government, political symbolism, and international affairs. He was a member of the Cosmos Club in Washington, DC and received the Federal Republic of Germany’s Order of Merit. He died during a visit to Heidelberg.


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